Thanks for the question! So you don’t actually need too much reasoning with quantifiers to solve this one, since you’re mainly dealing with “all” and “not some” (which is “none”). And remember that when we say All X are Y, that just translates to
X—> Y
Since another way of saying “All X are Y” is to say that “If something is an X, then it is a Y.” For example, take the statement all dogs are mammals. That means that if something’s a dog, it’s a mammal. Which, again, is
Dog —> Mammal
So we know two things are true of all immoral actions. If they’re performed in public, they offend public sensibilities; also, they’re accompanied by feelings of guilt. In other words, we’re told
All immoral actions, if performed in public, offend public sensibilities. All immoral actions are accompanied by feelings of guilt.
So in other words, if an action’s immoral and performed in public, then it offends public sensibilities. And if an action’s immoral, it’s accompanied by feelings of guilt. Which we can then diagram
Immoral action & Performed in public —> Offend public sensibilities Immoral action —> Accompanied by feelings of guilt
Now we’re asked to find a statement that must be false. Take a look at (A), which tells us that some immoral actions that are not performed in public are not accompanied by feelings of guilt. Could this be true? Well, we know that all immoral actions are accompanied by feelings of guilt, period. Doesn’t matter if they’re performed publicly or not. So is it possible that there’s an immoral action that’s not accompanied by feelings of guilt? No! And so (A) can’t be true, there can’t be some immoral actions that aren’t accompanied by feelings of guilt.
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Hope this helps! Feel free to ask any other questions that you might have.
