Answer choice (A) describes a situation where the argument comes to a conclusion because of evidence that could actually be used to prove a completely contradictory conclusion from the one the argument is drawing.This error is known as conflicting evidence.
Answer choice (B) describes a situation where the argument accepts without any evidence that if one thing's existence (A) depends on other thing's existence (B), then B's existence also depends on A's. This error is known as mistaking the necessary condition for the sufficient condition.
Answer choice (C) describes a situation where the argument confuses evidence that supports a specific outcome on ONE occasion being brought out in a certain way with evidence that this same outcome at a DIFFERENT TIME was also brought out in that same way. This error is known as temporal flaw, assuming that something at one time is consistent at a different time.
Answer choice (D) describes a situation where the argument makes its conclusion because of evidence that is in no way pertinent to the argument. This error is known as mistaking the point at issue.
Answer choice (E) describes a situation where just because one thing CONTRIBUTED to causing a certain effect, that means that this one thing ALONE is SUFFICIENT to bring about the effect. This error is a type of causation flaw. Just because A contributes to causing B, doesn't mean that A alone will cause B. A may need C and D and E to help bring about B.
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