Answer choice (D) is incorrect because we are given no information on the author's views regarding the impact of right-to-work legislation on specific types of unions. The author cites Carroll to suggest that right-to-work legislation results in wage disparities across states and reduce wages within right-to-work states.
The author also claims that minority workers could be expected to experience economic disadvantage in right-to-work states.
The author only states their views on craft vs. industrial unions with regard to minority workers' wages. We cannot infer from this that the author believes there is a significant difference in the impacts of right-to-work legislation between types of unions. This is exacerbated by the fact that we are not provided with any information on the demographic composition of different types of unions.
Answer choice (A) is correct because of the author's discussion of studies focused on the impact of unionism on the relative economic positions of black and white workers.
In lines 44 to 47, the author claims that these studies have "concentrated on union versus non-union wage differentials within certain occupational groups." While this is not specific to craft unions, this shows that the author believes unions are generally successful in ensuring higher wages for their workers.
This belief becomes specific to craft unions in lines 49 to 53. The author tells us that craft unions increase the difference between the wages of white workers and black workers. Why is this? Because black workers are traditionally excluded from these unions. This suggests that the wages of unionized workers continue to increase as those of non-unionized workers stay the same, thereby increasing the difference between the wages of white (unionized) and black (generally non-unionized) workers.
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